SELECT 
  cscart_seo_names.object_id AS product_id, 
  cscart_seo_names.name AS seo_name, 
  cscart_seo_names.path AS seo_path 
FROM 
  cscart_seo_names 
WHERE 
  cscart_seo_names.object_id IN (
    841, 840, 839, 838, 837, 846, 845, 844, 
    843, 842, 851, 850, 849, 848, 847
  ) 
  AND cscart_seo_names.type = "p" 
  AND cscart_seo_names.dispatch = "" 
  AND cscart_seo_names.lang_code = 'ru'

Query time 0.00076

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "36.01"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_seo_names",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "dispatch"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "object_id",
        "type",
        "dispatch",
        "lang_code"
      ],
      "key_length": "206",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 15,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 15,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`cscart`.`cscart_seo_names`.`object_id` in (841,840,839,838,837,846,845,844,843,842,851,850,849,848,847)) and (`cscart`.`cscart_seo_names`.`type` = 'p') and (`cscart`.`cscart_seo_names`.`dispatch` = '') and (`cscart`.`cscart_seo_names`.`lang_code` = 'ru'))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "33.01",
        "eval_cost": "3.00",
        "prefix_cost": "36.01",
        "data_read_per_join": "25K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "name",
        "object_id",
        "type",
        "dispatch",
        "path",
        "lang_code"
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id seo_name seo_path
837 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-dakota-ru-2 301/302/368
838 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-dakota-ru 301/302/368
839 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-dakota 301/302/368
840 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-dakota-ru-3 301/302/368
841 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-dakota-ru-4 301/302/368
842 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-brianna 301/302/368
843 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-brianna-ru 301/302/368
844 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-brianna-ru-2 301/302/368
845 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-brianna-ru-3 301/302/368
846 krovat-s-podemnym-mehanizmom-brianna-ru-4 301/302/368
847 krovat-aleks-ru 301/302/368
848 krovat-aleks 301/302/368
849 krovat-aleks-ru-2 301/302/368
850 krovat-aleks-ru-3 301/302/368
851 krovat-aleks-ru-4 301/302/368