SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    702, 701, 700, 699, 776, 775, 774, 780, 
    779, 778, 777, 784, 783, 782, 781, 787, 
    786, 785, 791, 790, 789, 788, 795, 794, 
    793, 792, 1025, 1026, 1027
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00126

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "108.23"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "4.14"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 125,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "29.49",
              "eval_cost": "1.00",
              "prefix_cost": "30.49",
              "data_read_per_join": "20K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "cscart.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 12,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "6.90",
            "index_condition": "(`cscart`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (702,701,700,699,776,775,774,780,779,778,777,784,783,782,781,787,786,785,791,790,789,788,795,794,793,792,1025,1026,1027))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "61.60",
              "eval_cost": "0.83",
              "prefix_cost": "104.09",
              "data_read_per_join": "66"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
699 404,298,405M
700 405M,404,298
701 405M,404,298
702 298,405M,404
774 404,298,405M
775 404,298,405M
776 404,298,405M
777 404,298,405M
778 405M,404,298
779 298,405M,404
780 298,405M,404
781 404,298,405M
782 404,298,405M
783 404,298,405M
784 405M,404,298
785 299,391M,298
786 298,299,391M
787 299,391M,298
788 299,391M,298
789 299,391M,298
790 299,391M,298
791 299,391M,298
792 298,299,391M
793 391M,298,299
794 299,391M,298
795 299,391M,298
1025 401M,399,400
1026 400,401M,399
1027 400,401M,399