SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    672, 673, 674, 883, 882, 899, 898, 897, 
    896, 901, 900, 907, 906, 905, 904, 903, 
    902, 931, 930, 929, 928, 927, 926, 934, 
    935
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00100

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "111.02"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "3.34"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 126,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "29.72",
              "eval_cost": "1.01",
              "prefix_cost": "30.73",
              "data_read_per_join": "20K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`cscart`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "cscart.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 12,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.52",
            "index_condition": "(`cscart`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (672,673,674,883,882,899,898,897,896,901,900,907,906,905,904,903,902,931,930,929,928,927,926,934,935))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "64.86",
              "eval_cost": "0.67",
              "prefix_cost": "107.69",
              "data_read_per_join": "53"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
672 304M,303,326
673 326,304M,303
674 304M,303,326
882 303,315,318M
883 303,315,318M
896 322M,304,303
897 322M,304,303
898 322M,304,303
899 303,322M,304
900 303,322,304M
901 303,322,304M
902 304,303,325M
903 325M,304,303
904 325M,304,303
905 303,325M,304
906 303,325M,304
907 303,325M,304
926 329M,303,305
927 305,329M,303
928 305,329M,303
929 305,329M,303
930 303,305,329M
931 329M,303,305
934 314,330M,303
935 314,330M,303